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Objective:To study the iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 to 10 and pregnant women and thyroid of children in Fushun City, Liaoning Province, and to provide data for formulation of prevention and control programs on iodine deficiency disorders in Fushun.Methods:In 2021, according to population probability proportional sampling method (PPS), 1 street (township) was selected from 7 districts and counties (Dongzhou District, Wanghua District, Dongzhou District, Xinfu District, Fushun County, Xinbin County and Qingyuan County) in Fushun City according to 5 directions (east, south, west, north and middle) and 1 primary school was selected from each street (township). Forty to 50 children aged 8 to 10 from each primary school and 20 pregnant women were selected from each street (township). Urine samples and salt samples of children and pregnant women were collected for urine iodine and salt iodine levels detection, and thyroid gland of children was examined to calculate the goiter rate. Urine iodine was determined by "Determination of Iodine in Urine Part 1: Method for Determination of Iodine in Urine by As 3+-Ce 4+ Eatalytic Spectrophotometry", salt iodine was determined by "General Test Method in Salt Industry - Determination of Iodine", and children's thyroid was examined by Doppler B-ultrasound. Children iodine nutrition criteria: urinary iodine median < 100 μg/L was iodine deficiency; 100 - < 200 μg/L was suitable for iodine; 200 - < 300 μg/L was more than the appropriate amount of iodine; ≥300 μg/L was iodine excess. Pregnant women iodine nutrition criteria: urinary iodine median < 150 μg/L was iodine deficiency; 150 - < 250 μg/L was suitable for iodine. 250 - < 500 μg/L was more than the appropriate amount of iodine; ≥500 μg/L was iodine excess. Criteria for iodized salt: 18 - 33 mg/kg was qualified iodized salt; < 5 mg/kg was non-iodized salt; 5 - < 18 or > 33 mg/kg was unqualified iodized salt. Results:A total of 1 647 children aged 8 to 10 years were selected, including 829 males and 818 females. The median urinary iodine of children was 203.4 μg/L. The median urinary iodine of children by district and county ranged from 151.6 to 232.4 μg/L, and the difference was statistically significant ( H = 24.227, P < 0.001). A total of 700 urine samples were collected from pregnant women. The median urine iodine was 164.7 μg/L. The median urine iodine of pregnant women by district and county ranged from 131.3 to 193.0 μg/L, and the difference was statistically significant ( H = 48.516, P < 0.001). A total of 2 347 salt samples were collected, including 2 329 iodized salt samples, with iodized salt coverage rate of 99.23% (2 329/2 347). There were 2 254 qualified iodized salt samples, and the rate of qualified iodized salt was 96.04% (2 254/2 347). There was no correlation between total urinary iodine level and salt iodine content ( r = 0.129, P > 0.05). The thyroid gland of 1 439 children was examined, and 25 children of them had goiter, with an enlargement rate of 1.74% (25/1 439), lower than the national standard for elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (< 5%), and the difference between counties and districts was statistically significant (χ 2 = 31.692, P < 0.01). Conclusion:The iodine nutrition of 8 to 10 years old children and pregnant women in Fushun City, Liaoning Province in 2021 is basically at an appropriate level, the rate of qualified iodized salt is high, and the goiter rate of children conforms to the national elimination standards of iodine deficiency disorders.
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Objective@#To investigate the iodine nutritional status of 8 to 10 years old school children in Linhai City, and to provide a theoretical basis for prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency.@*Methods@#From 2016 to 2018, in the townships and sub-district offices under the jurisdiction of Linhai City, one town (street) was selected according to its geographical distribution in the east, west, south, north, and middle five directions, and one central primary school was selected in each town (street). In each central primary school, 40 children aged 8 to 10 years were selected, 5 to 10 ml of urine samples were collected, and urinary iodine level was determined by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry.@*Results@#A total of 620 urine samples were detected in children, and the median urinary iodine was 172.5 μg/L. In 2016, 200 samples were tested, the median urinary iodine was 191.5 μg/L, 14.00% (28/200) for < 100 μg/L, and 20.00% (40/200) for ≥300 μg/L; in 2017, 210 samples were tested, the median urinary iodine was 174.5 μg/L, 18.10% (38/210) for < 100 μg/L, 11.90% (25/210) for ≥300 μg/L; in 2018, 210 samples were tested, the median urinary iodine was 149.0 μg/L, 24.29% (51/210) for < 100 μg/L, and 9.05% (19/210) for ≥300 μg/L. The differences in urinary iodine concentration between the three years were statistically significant (H=20.831, P < 0.05). A total of 310 boys were tested urinary iodine level, with a median of 147.5 μg/L, and 310 girls were tested with a median of 119.5 μg/L. The difference in urinary iodine concentration between boys and girls was statistically significant (Z=2.766, P < 0.05).@*Conclusion@#The iodine nutritional level of 8 to 10 years old school children in Linhai City is within the appropriate range (100-199 μg/L), but the monitoring of urinary iodine should continue.
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Objective To investigate the iodine nutritional status of 8 to 10 years old school children in Linhai City, and to provide a theoretical basis for prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency. Methods From 2016 to 2018, in the townships and sub-district offices under the jurisdiction of Linhai City, one town (street) was selected according to its geographical distribution in the east, west, south, north, and middle five directions, and one central primary school was selected in each town (street). In each central primary school, 40 children aged 8 to 10 years were selected, 5 to 10 ml of urine samples were collected, and urinary iodine level was determined by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry. Results A total of 620 urine samples were detected in children, and the median urinary iodine was 172.5 μg/L. In 2016, 200 samples were tested, the median urinary iodine was 191.5 μg/L, 14.00％ (28/200) for < 100 μg/L, and 20.00％ (40/200) for ≥300 μg/L; in 2017, 210 samples were tested, the median urinary iodine was 174.5 μg/L, 18.10％ (38/210) for < 100 μg/L, 11.90％ (25/210) for ≥300 μg/L; in 2018, 210 samples were tested, the median urinary iodine was 149.0 μg/L, 24.29％ (51/210) for < 100 μg/L, and 9.05％(19/210) for ≥300 μg/L. The differences in urinary iodine concentration between the three years were statistically significant (H = 20.831, P < 0.05). A total of 310 boys were tested urinary iodine level, with a median of 147.5 μg/L, and 310 girls were tested with a median of 119.5 μg/L. The difference in urinary iodine concentration between boys and girls was statistically significant (Z = 2.766, P < 0.05). Conclusion The iodine nutritional level of 8 to 10 years old school children in Linhai City is within the appropriate range (100 - 199 μg/L), but the monitoring of urinary iodine should continue.
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Objective To evaluate iodine nutrition status and vitamin D level in hyperthyroidism patients and explore their impacts on the pathogenesis of hyperthyroidism.Methods Totally 116 inpatients of hyperthyroidism were tested for serum thyroid function,urine iodine and serum 25-OH-D.Median and component ratio of urine iodine and 25-OH-D were used to evaluate nutrition status.Results The median of urine iodine was 224.9 μg/L,while the component ratio of iodine excessive-intake was 59.48％ (12.93％ in excessive group and 46.55％ in sufficient group).The median of vitamin D was 7.19 ng/ml while as deficiency group accounted for 93.2％ in hyperthyroidism patients.Conclusions Attention should be paid to excessive intake iodine in hyperthyroidism patients.Vitamin D supplementation is important for treating hyperthyroidism and maintaining the health of skeleton and muscle.
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Objective To learn the status of iodine nutrition and the goiter of children and pregnant woman in Zhejiang Province after the iodine salt concentration adjustment.Methods The proportionate to population size sampling was applied to select 30 surveillance areas in Zhejiang Province,and iodine nutritional status were evaluated by 4 indicators that include goiter rate in 8 -10 years old children,urine iodine,iodized salt and water iodine.Results The iodine content of 1 565 edible salt samples collected from the above children was measured,and the iodine median(P25 -P75 )was 23.30 (21.00 -25.80)mg/kg.The coverage of iodized salt rate was 88.43%,and 95.88% iodized salts was qualified.The qualified iodized -salt ingesting rate was 84.79%.The iodine content of children aged 8 -10 years old and pregnant woman was tested,and iodine median (P25 -P75 )was 171.99 (113.00 -243.89 ),134.14 (82.10 -202.98)g/L respectively.The iodine content of 66 water samples were randomly collected from the surveillance areas to be tested,and iodine median(P25 -P75 )was 2.42(1.17 -6.28)μg/L.The proportion less than 10 g/L was 87.9%.The goiter status of 1 565 children were examined by B -type of ultrasonic,and the prevalence of goiter was 4.98%.Conclusion After the iodine salt concentration adjustment,the status of iodine nutrition in children was in optimum level,but the level of iodine nutrition in pregnant women was less than the state,which should be paid more attention.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid nodules (TNs) and its relationship with urine iodine concentrations (UICs) after the regional rapid economic growth and lifestyle changes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the general population aged 15-69 years. A questionnaire regarding general and personal characteristics and relevant information was administered. Ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed, and serum triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4), serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free tetraiodothyronine (FT4), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) levels were measured for each individual subject.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence rates of TNs in the whole population, females and males were 27.76%, 34.04%, and 21.60%, respectively. The prevalence of multiple nodules increased with age, whereas the prevalence peaks differed between males and females. The median UICs in the whole population and females with non-TNs were higher than those of subjects with TNs (P=0.0035, P=0.0068). The median UICs in subjects with a single TN were higher than those in subjects with multiple TNs (P=0.0164, P=0.0127). The result showed a U-shaped curve relationship between UIC and prevalence of TNs. The prevalence of TNs was the lowest when the UIC was 140-400 μg/L.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of TNs was nearly 30% and increased with age. The relationship between UIC and prevalence of TNs is U-shaped, with an increase in risk when the UIC was <140 μg/L and >400 μg/L. Very low or high UIC levels need attention and correction.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , Epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Iodine , Urine , Nutritional Status , Prevalence , Thyroid Nodule , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
Objective To understand the dynamic conditions after reaching the stage goal of elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Wenzhou, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and treatment of IDD. Methods Three counties that the annual consumption rate of qualified iodized salt < 80% in 2014 and had the prevalence of endemic cretinism in history, Cangnan, Taishun and Yongjia, were selected as high risk monitoring areas. Three townships were selected in each area, and two primary schools were selected from each township, and 40 children urine samples were collected in each school (half male and half female) and the age of children were 8-10 years old. And near the location of these primary schools, we randomly selected 10 pregnant women in each village, and estimated the urinary iodine level and salt iodine concentration, respectively. The examination of thyroid by B ultrasound was performed in children by provincial professionals. Urinary iodine was determined using the arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometric method (GB/T 13025.7-2012). Salt iodine was determined by direct titration. Results Endemic cretinism case was not found in this survey, total goiter rate of 8-10 years old children was 2.04%(16/783). The median of urinary iodine was 116.1 and 108.2 μg/L, respectively, in 8 - 10 years old children and pregnant women. Iodized salt coverage rate was 90.48%(171/189), the intaking rate of qualified iodized salt was 84.66% (160/189). The concentration of pregnant women urinary iodine and salt iodine was positively correlated (r=0.54, P< 0.05). Conclusions Children's iodine nutrition is in the appropriate level, but pregnant women are in iodine definciency in Wenzhou City.
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Objective To investigate the association of thyroid carcinoma and urine iodine level in Urumqi region,intent to provide the evidence of individual iodine supplement of this region.Methods In this case-control study,there were 100 patients with thyroid carcinoma and 300 patients with normal thyroid function as the control group in Xinjiang Tumor Hospital between February 2012 and December 2012 as the case group.All the cases were detected for urine iodine concentration by arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry.Results The mean level of urinary iodine in the case group (272.69 μg/L) was higher than that in the control group (161.40 μg/L) (P ＜ 0.05).The level of iodine was excessive (urinary iodine ＞ 300 μg/L) in 34 ％ (34/100) patients in the case group and 10 ％ (30/300) patients in control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The average urinary iodine content of the thyroid carcinoma in Urmuqi region are generally higher than that of the healthy control group,which indicates that the iodine nutritional status in patients with thyroid carcinoma are better than that in the general population.The relationship between thyroid carcinoma and excessive iodine intake should be necessary for further study.
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Objective To investigate the status of iodine nutrition and variations of thyroid hormone levels in pregnant women in Foshan and to provide the science theory on the clinical diet supplement rational .Methods The samples were collected from 442 ca‐ses of pregnant women in Chancheng district center hospital from June 2013 to November 2014 .Free triiodothyronine(FT3) ,free thyroxine(FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) were determined by method of electrochemiluminescence .The urinary io‐dine content in pregnant women was measured by using cold digestion method according to iodine catalytic effect of Arsenic‐Ceri‐um .Results The median urinary iodine in 442 cases of pregnant women was 174μg/L .The percentage of midrange iodine deficien‐cy ,mild iodine deficiency ,iodine sufficiency and iodine overdose in 442 cases of pregnant women were respectively 4 .30% ,29 .86% , 39 .59% and 26 .24% .First trimester ,second trimester ,third trimester with abnormal level of urine iodine was respectively 72 .41% ,45 .89% ,62 .91% .The different gestational age with abnormal level of urine iodine and normal level of urine iodine was significant differences(P<0 .05) .The urine iodine sufficient group of FT3 ,TSH were lower than the urine iodine deficiency groups and the urine iodine excess group ,The FT4 of urine iodine sufficient group compare with iodine deficiency groups was significant differences(P<0 .05) .TSH in urine iodine sufficient group to compared urine iodine excess group ,with significant differences(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The abnormal rate of the level of iodine nutrition and the prevalence of thyroid diseases of pregnant women in FoShan are relatively high .The pregnant women should be screening and intervention in time to raise healthier .
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Electrochemiluminescence was used to determine thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies in 140 pregnant women,who were then divided into normal group (n =117) and subclinical hypothyroidism group (n =23) based on the thyroid function.The urine iodine level in the pregnant women was detected by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometric method.The awareness of past history of thyroid disease among the subjects with thyroid dysfunctions were investigated.The results showed that the prevalences of iodine deficiency were 50％ and 57％ in the normal group and the subclinical hypothyroidism group,respectively.The state of iodine level was not related to thyroid function.The levels of serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody were markedly related to serum TSH(P＜0.01),so was the level of serum TPOAb related to serum FT4 (P＜0.05).Among the subclinical hypothyroidism women,70％ did not undergo thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies screening before pregnancy,8.7％ denied past history of thyroid disease,and 21.7％ suffered from hypothyroidism before pregnancy.Therefore,we advocate the screening of urine iodine and thyroid autoantibodies before or during the first trimester of pregnancy,aiming to correct iodine deficiency,avoid supplementing too much iodine,improve the outcome of perinatal stage,and reduce all the negative effects on the offsprings.
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BACKGROUND: In Iran, an iodine deficiency control program was initiated in 1989 by iodizing salt. Despite this program, goiters have remained an endemic condition in most parts of Iran. Thus, it is possible that other factors aside from iodine deficiency may contribute to endemic goiter. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cobalt deficiency and endemic goiter in a region of Iran with a high prevalence of goiter. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among school children aged 9 to 11 years in the city of Kerman, Iran. In the first phase of the study, a multistage, proportional-to-size, cluster sampling method was used to screen 5,380 out of 29,787 students. After the screening phase, 170 students (130 goitrous and 40 nongoitrous) were randomly selected, and serum and urine specimens were obtained. We measured thyroid function, serum cobalt level, and urinary iodine excretion. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of grade 2 goiters was 34.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 31.5 to 42.5), with both sexes being equally affected. The weight and body mass index of goitrous subjects was significantly lower (P<0.001) than those of nongoitrous subjects. The serum cobalt levels were lower in goitrous subjects than in nongoitrous subjects (4.4+/-2.9 microg/L vs. 6.4+/-2.7 microg/L). The urinary iodine levels were also lower in goitrous subjects than in nongoitrous subjects (198.3+/-108.3 microg/L vs. 270.2+/-91.1 microg/L). Multiple regression analysis showed that only cobalt deficiency, not iodine deficiency, significantly contributed to the presence of goiter (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.99; P=0.042). CONCLUSION: Cobalt deficiency may be an important independent predicator for goiter in endemic regions, especially areas in which goiters persist despite salt iodization programs.
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Child , Humans , Body Mass Index , Cobalt , Cross-Sectional Studies , Goiter , Goiter, Endemic , Iodine , Iran , Logistic Models , Mass Screening , Prevalence , Thyroid GlandABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Periods of L-T4 withdrawal and low iodine diet, which are required prior to the treatment and tracking tests that take place after a thyroidectomy, can be of a long duration and cause suffering for patients. The purpose of this study, conducted in South Korea, was to confirm if periods of L-T4 withdrawal and low iodine diet can be shortened by using TSH level prediction. By inquiring into the correlation between TSH level and serum Tg level, and measurement of the amount of iodine present in urine during the low iodine diet period, a thyroglobulin (Tg) cutoff level can be predicted. METHODS: total of 168 patients were included as research subjects. In each case, L-T4 was suspended 3-4 weeks prior to conducting radioactive iodine ablation and 131I scan, and then a low iodine diet was carried out for 2-4 weeks. Serum TSH, Tg and anti-Tg antibodies were measured on the second week of L-T4 withdrawal, and the spot urine Iodine/Creatinine ratio was measured on the second and fourth week after treatment. RESULTS: Three weeks after L-T4 withdrawal, TSH levels increased to over 30μIU/ml in 97.2% of the patients, and serum thyroglobulin levels also increased with TSH level to over 30μIU/ml. There was no measured difference in the amount of iodine in the subject's urine during the low iodine diet period. CONCLUSION: It was found that L-T4 withdrawal can be reduced to 3 weeks or less, and that the Tg cutoff level differs according to TSH level. Based on these results, we suggested that the low iodine diet period can be reduced to 1-2 weeks.
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Humans , Antibodies , Diet , Iodine , Korea , Research Subjects , Thyroglobulin , Thyroidectomy , ThyrotropinABSTRACT
Objective To study the relation between thyroid nodule and urine iodine and to provide a scientific basis for etiological research of thyroid nodule.Methods 178 cases of thyroid nodule were detected urine iodine concentration (μg/L) by As ( Ⅱ ) 2Ce4 + catalytic spectrophotometry.160 normal people were set as control group.Data of the 2 groups and the correlative clinical information were analyzed.Results The median urine iodine concentration was 116.2 μg/L for the 178 cases of thyroid nodule,217.2 μg/L for the control group.Among the 178 cases,the median urine iodine concentration was 125.6 μg/L for the 92 cases with nodule size ＞ 10 mm and 136.4 μg/L for the 86 cases with nodule size ＜ 10 mm.The difference of urine iodine had no statistical significance between the thyroid nodule group and the control group.There was no correlation between urine iodine and the size of thyroid nodule as well as sex.Conclusions No correlation is found between urine iodine and thyroid nodule.Patients with thyroid nodule,no matter male or female,don't have to restrict iodine intake excessively.
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PURPOSE: Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones, and iodine deficiency disorder, including mental retardation, hypothyroidism, goiter, cretinism, and developmental abnormalities is the world's greatest single cause of preventable brain damage. Urine iodine (UI) is a sensitive indicator of recent changes in iodine intake. The objective of this study was to analyze the UI concentration in children younger than 7 years of age. METHODS: This population-based cross sectional study was conducted in four nurseries, three kindergartens, and the Samsung Changwon Hospital of Masan city in Korea from February to June 2010. Three hundred eighty-one samples of urine and 345 simple questionnaires were collected from normally developed preschool children less than 7 years of age. Urine samples were transferred to the Department of Laboratory Medicine at Samsung Seoul Hospital to measure UI concentration by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. RESULTS: The median UI concentration was 327.9 microg/L (range 26.3-19,152.0 microg/L). There were 38 (10.0%) children with insufficient iodine intake (UI less than 100 microg/L). Of all children tested, the percentage of children with excessive iodine intake (UI over 300 microg/L) was 54.9%, and extremely high values exceeding 1,000 microg/L were found in 15.5% of investigated children. There was a significant difference in the median UI concentration between three age groups (P<0.05) but no significance between males and females. CONCLUSION: After measuring UI concentration, we report excessive iodine intake in preschool children less than 7 years of age in Masan city, Korea. In our population sample, we found that 10.0% of children had iodine deficiency.
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Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Brain , Congenital Hypothyroidism , Goiter , Hypothyroidism , Intellectual Disability , Iodine , Korea , Nitroimidazoles , Nurseries, Infant , Surveys and Questionnaires , Spectrum Analysis , Sulfonamides , Thyroid HormonesABSTRACT
An iodine analysis instrument with sequential injection of urine samples was developed. A method for measurement of urine iodine was also developed by combining sequential injection and catalysis kinetics,and making use of catalysis facilitation of the iodine in the redox reaction of As~(3+) and Ce~(4+) . The sequential injection and stopped-flow stabilization determination were made possible by the program-controlled injector with controlled flow rate and the 16-hole program-controlled selection valves. The arsenic-cerium reaction with iodine-catalyzed at constant temperature state might proceed with the constant temperature flow cell. Using the syringes with program-controlled velocity,pushing and suction,Using the digital connected circuit and micro-iodine determination software,the reaction temperature of (32.0±0.1)℃,injection time of 45 s,stabilization time of 60 s,detection time of 20 s,injection volume of 400μL,linear range of 15 -600μg/L,detecting limitation of 5.01 μg/L(n=11) and recovery rate of 94. 1 % - 105. 1 % were obtained. With this method,the detecting result of the National Standard Reference (GBW09109 and GBW09110) materials was within a given standard range. Through this method,the detecting results had no significant differences comparing with those by standard method of National Health Service(P >0.05).
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A low iodine diet (LID) is the recommended preparation for radioactive iodine treatment. However, the recommended duration and stringency of LID are different among each recommendation. More stringent LID is expected in Korea because Korea is a iodine-rich region. We investigated the decrement of urine iodine excretion by two-week stringent LID for remnant thyroid ablation with radioactive iodine in Korean patients with thyroid cancer, prospectively. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From November 2006, patients who referred to our hospital for remnant ablation after total thyroidectomy were included in this study. To decrease total body iodine, our protocol included three strategies. First, we checked medication which could inhibit the radioactive iodine uptake. Second, the date of I-131 treatment was scheduled at least 3 months later if contrast agent had been used. The last strategy was two-week stringent LID education by specialized nutritionist. Before and after two-week stringent LID, 24hr-urine iodine was analyzed respectively. 24hr-urine creatinine was also analyzed for determining more valid 24hr urine sampling subgroup. RESULTS: Total 51 patients were finally enrolled. Average of 24hr-urine iodine excretion was significantly lowered (787+/-2242 -> 85+/-85 microgram/d, p=0.03) after LID and 74.4% of patients reached below the recommended urine iodine excretion level ( 99+/-116 microgram/d, p=0.05) and 78.6% of patients met the criteria. CONCLUSION: Most patients could reach below the recommended urine iodine level after two-week stringent LID. Therefore, in our opinion, at least two-week stringent LID should be recommended in Korea.
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Humans , Creatinine , Diet , Iodine , Korea , Prospective Studies , Thyroid Gland , Thyroid Neoplasms , ThyroidectomyABSTRACT
The heating block method is a method for the routine determination of urine iodine that has been modified from the Program Against Micronutrient Malnutrition (PAMM) method. Normal values of adult urine iodine (age 35-70 years) in Bangkok were (mean + SD) 110.9+ 74.6 with a median values of 96.8 ตg/L (n = 66). Urine iodine values of adults from Maehongson and Petchabun were (mean + SD) 465.1+ 293.1 with a median value of 399.5 ตg/L (n=86), and 127.8+ 74.1 with a median value of 115.4 mg/L (n = 140), respectively. The mean and SD of the iodine content of urine from school children (age 7-12 years) in Uttraradit, Maehongson and Trang were 401.0+ 373.2 (n = 77), 1,171.1+ 1,078.4 (n = 97) and 275.0+ 399.4 (n = 46), and the median values were 264.5, 998.6 and 137.0 mg/L, respectively. There was no change in urine iodine concentration over three years despite storage a 37oC, 4 oC and 0 oC. We have participated in the PAMM-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Inter-Laboratory Urine Iodine Quality Assurance Program to fulfill quality assurance criteria in our testing. The results of three blind urine iodine levels were well correlated to consensus mean and %CV for inter assays were less than 15.
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A modified Zak’s method has been used in this laboratory, but was subjected to contamination and produced occasional inconsistent results. Two simple ways for the determination of iodine in urine are herein described. The better one is by modified PAMM method. Briefly, destruction of organic matter in urine by acid digestion is carried out prior to determination by the Sandell and Kolthoff reaction. The Coefficient of Variation (CV) is below 10%. Iodine contents as low as 6.5 ug/L, can be detected. The proposed acid digestion procedure offers some advantages over the traditional acid digestion : e.g. low iodine losses, not complicated, and less harsh digestion. The method does not require large samples (250 ul or below) and one technician can easily handle 100 samples per day. The results obtained by this method are well correlated between the simple methods and agree with those recorded by other workers. This is also in agreement with Zak’s method (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.55). The proposed method is rapid, simple, cheap and suitable for the research investigations on iodine deficiency goitre in areas where it is endemic.